Goldenseal

Goldenseal was originally introduced to early American settlers by Native American tribes, who used it as a yellow dye, as well as a wash for skin diseases, sore eyes, and various forms of "catarrh" (colds and flu, for example).

Goldenseal may help the symptoms of sore mouth, sore throat, canker sores, gingivitis (infected gums); stomachache, diarrhea, indigestion, constipation, and ulcers; colds and flu; vaginal irritation; earaches; mild conjunctivitis ("pink eye") or other eye irritations. (See your health care provider if eye irritation continues for more than a few days, or if it is severe.)

Goldenseal may also be useful for disinfecting cuts, scrapes, boils, and acne; and for lowering high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), which may lead to diabetes.

Plant Description

Goldenseal is a small plant with a single hairy stem. It has two five-lobed, jagged leaves, small flowers, and raspberry-like fruit. The bitter-tasting rhizome, or root, is a bright yellow-brown in color, twisted, and wrinkled. Goldenseal can be found growing wild in rich, shady soil in the northern U.S., but is now grown mostly on farms.

What's It Made Of?

Goldenseal contains a compound called berberine that kills many of the bacteria that cause diarrhea. Berberine has also been shown to kill a wide range of other types of germs, such as those that cause yeast infections, as well as various parasites such as tapeworms and giardia. Berberine may also activate your white blood cells, making them more effective at fighting infection. For these reasons, it is used as an all-around disinfectant, both externally and internally. Goldenseal also stimulates the production of bile, a fluid produced by your liver that helps digest fats. Goldenseal is used as a healing tonic for the digestive tract, and is considered helpful for easing chronic constipation, and hemorrhoids.

Available Forms

Goldenseal is available as tablets (various concentrations), powdered root in capsules (various concentrations), alcoholic tinctures, and low-alcohol extracts.

How to Take It

• Goldenseal in capsules or tablets: 500 to 2,000 mg up to three times a day.
• Goldenseal extract (more concentrated): 0.03 to 0.12 g, up to three times a day.
• For disinfecting cuts, scrapes, boils, and acne, place goldenseal extract or tincture on a clean cloth, and press the cloth gently on the affected area.
• For earaches, mix with olive oil and use as eardrops.
• For sore throat, gums, or mouth, make a mouthwash as follows: In 1 cup of warm water, mix 1/4 tsp. salt and 1/2 tsp., or the contents of 1 capsule, of goldenseal powder. (It will not dissolve completely.) Rinse and spit out.
• For cases of vaginal irritation, make a goldenseal douche as follows: Mix 1/4 tsp. salt and 1/2 tsp., or the contents of 1 capsule, of goldenseal powder in 1 cup of warm water. Let the mixture settle, and strain out any suspended particles before using it. (Keep the mixture as clean as you can.) Over-douching can make you more susceptible to certain kinds of vaginal infections. See your health care provider if your symptoms do not improve after a few days.
• An eyewash made from goldenseal is good for eye infections and irritations. Use 1 cup of sterile water with 1/4 tsp. salt and 1/2 tsp. goldenseal (or the contents of one capsule), and strain out all particles. Discard if the solution becomes cloudy, which indicates bacterial growth.

Precautions

• Do not use goldenseal if you are pregnant or have high blood pressure.
• If used for long periods of time, goldenseal can irritate the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina. It can also reduce the number of good bacteria in your digestive system, which can cause nausea and diarrhea.
• Large doses may also interfere with your body's ability to absorb B vitamins.

Possible Interactions

There have been reports of goldenseal reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics, specifically tetracycline and tetracycline-derivatives like doxycycline. If you are currently taking any of these antibiotics, you should consult your healthcare provider.

Supporting Research

Balch J, Balch P. Prescription for Nutritional Healing: A-to-Z Guide to Drug-Free Remedies Using Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, & Food Supplements. New York, NY: Avery Publishing Group; 1990.

Duke JA. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1992.

Foster S. Goldenseal. American Botanical Council: Botanical Series No. 309.

Genest K, Hughes DW. Natural products in Canadian pharmaceuticals, Hydrastis canadensis. Can J Pharm Sci. 1969;4.

Kaneda Y, Tanaka T, Saw T. Effects of berberine, a plant alkaloid, on the growth of anaerobic protozoa in axenic culture. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1990;15:417–423.

Khin-Muang-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, et al. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhea. Br Med J 1985; 291:1601-5.

Mills SY. Dictionary of Modern Herbalism: A Comprehensive Guide to Practical Herbal Therapy. Rochester, Vt: Healing Arts Press; 1988.

Nishino H, et al. Berberine sulfate inhibits tumor-promoting activity of teleocidin in two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology. 1986;43:131–134.

Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:979-84.

Shideman FE. A review of the pharmacology and therapeutics of Hydrastis and its alkaloids, hydrastine, berberine and canadine. Comm on Nat Formulary Bull. 1950;18:3–19.

Sun D, Courtney HS, Beachey EH. Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988;32:1370–1374.

Swanston-Flatt SK, et al. Evaluation of traditional plant treatments for diabetes: studies in streptozotocin diabetic mice. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1989;26:51–55.

Zhu B, Ahrens FA. Effect of berberine on intestinal secretion mediated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in jejunum of pigs. Am J Vet Res. 1982; 43:1594–1598.

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