Ginseng, American

Asians consider ginseng the king of all herbs. American ginseng is similar enough to Asian ginseng to chemically have the same effects. American ginseng root is light tan and looks a bit like a human body. Herbalists hundreds of years ago took this likeness to mean that ginseng could cure all human ills. It has been used as a cure-all by many different cultures.

Ginseng is difficult to grow. This difficulty made it a good export crop early on in American history, because it was plentiful in North America. In 1718, American ginseng brought five dollars a pound in Canton, China. In 1773, 55 tons of American ginseng were sold to the Chinese. In 1824, 380 tons were exported. Even Daniel Boone traded ginseng.

According to alternative medicine practitioners, American and Asian ginsengs are best to alleviate stress, fatigue, convalescence, and diabetes, and Siberian ginseng for stress, fatigue, atherosclerosis, and impaired kidney function. Confusion regarding which ginseng (American, Asian, or Siberian) to use for stress, fatigue, and convalescence stems from the suggestion that active components in one type are superior to those in another type. Such superiority has not been demonstrated. Early Russian studies indicated that Siberian ginseng's positive effects exceed those of Asian ginseng's. These results are supported by empirical reports, but have been challenged by investigators who question the validity of the studies and the quality of the Siberian ginseng preparation. At this time, all three ginsengs are regarded as adaptogens, all three have the same side effects, and despite qualitative differences, each is used for similar treatments. Cost, standardization, and the reputation of the manufacturer may be the deciding points in determining which product to use.

Plant Description

The plant has leaves that grow in a circle around a straight stem. Yellowish-green umbrella-shaped flowers grow in the center and produce red berries. Wrinkles around the neck of the root tell how old the plant is. This is important because ginseng is not ready for use until it has grown for four to six years.

What's It Made Of?

Ginseng products are made from ginseng root and the long, thin offshoots called root hairs. The main chemical ingredients of American ginseng are ginsenosides and polysaccharide glycans (quinquefolans A, B, and C).

Available Forms

White ginseng (dried, peeled) is available in water, water-and-alcohol, or alcohol liquid extracts, and in powders or capsules.

How to Take It

Ginseng increases stamina, strength, and well-being. These actions make it sound like a stimulant, such as coffee, but stimulants often affect the action of important parts of the body, so irritability, heart palpitations, addiction, and anxiety are some of the side effects that may result from stimulant use. Ginseng, on the other hand, acts without any of these negative effects.

Your doctor may recommend ginseng if you have just had an illness. If you are elderly, ginseng may shorten the time that it takes you to bounce back from illness or surgery. It may also help you to focus your thoughts.

If you are someone who tends to get a lot of colds or sore throats you may find that taking ginseng reduces the number of these conditions. Ginseng may help if you have difficulty concentrating. Athletes take ginseng to increase both endurance and strength.

In each of these functions, ginseng acts as an adaptogen, which help the body fight against the effects of just about any kind of stress, be it viral, bacterial, emotional, intellectual, or physical. The effects of stress may be as simple as headaches or colds, but they can also be more serious, such as accelerated aging, memory loss, heart disease, cancer, and arthritis.

When taking American ginseng, look for standardized products. Standardization is the only way we have of assuring quality in herbal products. Choose white American ginseng, standardized to 0.03 percent ginsenosides, designated as Rb1.

The recommended dose is 1 to 2 g fresh root, 0.6 to 2 g dried root, or 200 to 600 mg liquid extract daily.

If you are healthy and are using ginseng to increase your physical or mental performance, to prevent illness, or to improve resistance to stress, you should take ginseng at the recommended dosage in cycles. For example, take 1 to 2 g fresh root, 0.6 to 2 g dried root, or 200 to 600 mg liquid extract daily for 15 to 20 days, followed by two weeks without taking ginseng.

For help recovering after an illness, the elderly should take 0.5 g twice a day for three months and then stop. Or take 0.5 g twice a day for a month, followed by a two-month break. Repeat if desired.

Precautions

The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) rates American ginseng as a class 2d herb, which indicates that specific restrictions apply. In this case, hypertension (high blood pressure) is the specific restriction, so people with hypertension should not take ginseng products.

People with heart disease, diabetes, and low blood pressure should use caution when taking American ginseng. Do not take ginseng during any acute illness. Do not use ginseng if you are pregnant because its safety during pregnancy has not been determined.

Possible Interactions

Ginseng may increase the effects of caffeine or other medications that stimulate the central nervous system, possibly making you feel nervous or causing sweating, insomnia, or irregular heartbeat. Therefore it is safest not to use ginseng with such medications.

Ginseng may increase the effects of antidepressant medications (medicines to treat depression), specifically, the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. It may also interact with corticosteroid medications as well as medications used to regulate blood pressure and to control blood sugar levels (diabetes). If you are using any of these medications, do not take ginseng without first consulting your health care provider.

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